Incest, homosexuality, impotency をnativist ideologyとrace purityへの欲望の顕われとして読む。これはある意味でこれらをrace suicideのacting outとして読むわたしのプロジェクトの鏡像みたいなもんなわけだけれど（そして読んでびっくりしたわけなのだけれど）、さて、Michaels以上に面白い読みなんてできるのかなぁ。どうやってこれをひっくり返そうか。いやでも、MichaelsがnativismはProgressive Era以降のものだとなんども言っているのはやっぱりおかしくて、race suicideやeugenicsにも顕われているとおり、nativismは明らかにそこに存在したのだからね。
- Nativism: Nativism, according to its most distinguished scholar, John Higham, can be defined as "intense opposition to an internal minority on the ground of its foreign (i.e. "un-American") connections," opposition that, while it may "vary widely" in target and intensity, ultimately expresses in each case "the connecting, energizing force of modern nationalism" (2) Citizenship, like money, can be earned; for the new nativists, appalled by immigrants who, as Lothrop Stoddard put it, had become "American citizens but not Americans," "American" could no more be a simple political term than "Jew" could be a simple economic one (9)
- Family: The significance of the family is that it was in terms of familial relations (as opposed, say, to economic relations or regional or even generational relations) that the new structures of identity were articulated. (6) The point ... is .... to transform American identity from the sort of thing that could be acquired (through naturalization) into the sort of thing that had to be inherited (from one's parents). Insofar as the family becomes the site of national identity, nationality becomes an effect of racial identity. (8)
- Modernism and Nativism: These transformations are, in an important if not an absolute sense, inventions of the '20s. ほんとかね？ The major writers of the Progressive period--London, Dreiser, Wharton--were comparatively indifferent to questions of both racial and national identity. (8) Not all Progressives, of course, were as keen on Jews as Dixon; most probably, were in some degree anti-Semitic. But, in contrast to the situation in the '20s, anti-Semitism played only a minor role in Progressive racism; indeed, part of the originality of '20s nativist modernism consists in its promotion of anti-Semitism .... Twenties' nativism made anti-Semitism an element of American cultural citizenship and therefore an essential aspect of American identity regardless of how one felt personally about individual Jews, just as--in a slightly more eccentric fashion--Faulkner's version of that nativism made incest an element of Americanism regardless of how attracted one might be to one's brother or sister. (10) つまりここでマイケルズはモダニズムのnativismの特徴は白人対黒人の図式（Progressive Era）からanti-Semitismへの移行にある、と言っているわけで、それは正しいような気もするが、Progressive Eraから移民排斥運動は高まっているわけで。Americanism would now be understood as something more than and different from the American citizenship that so many aliens had so easily achieved (47). これは説得力あるんだよなぁ。Progressive racism was nationalist, concerned with eliminating sectional differences and deploying racial identity on behalf of both the nation and the state. It was hierarchical and assimilationist: white supremacy made possible the Americanization of the immigrant. Dixon represented the Civil War as the creation of a new united nation and the revolt against Reconstruction as the creation of a new citizenry. Nativism, by contrast, was plural and anti-assimilationist. (67) as we have already noted, the major writers of the Progressive period--Dreiser, Wharton, London--were comparatively indifferent to the question of American national identity . . . It is as if, during the period when industrial America was devoted to assimilating and "Americanizing" its immigrants as seemed to them the unassimilable "Negro" were compelled to produce an account of the constitutive boundaries of the Americans. (68)
- Incest/ homosexuality/ impotence--fertility as a means of racial purity: the unenforceability of the incestuous imperative makes the technology of biological reproduction simultaneously the technology of miscegenated contamination. Thus one alternative to incest as a strategy for keeping the blood uncontaminated is sterility. ... better death than "cross-breeding" (12) Benjy's inability to procreate is a sign of his native Americanness, matched only by Jason's refusal to procreate and by Quentin's desire for there to be no such thing as procreation--what Quentin wants is to imagine himself not as castrated but as born without genitalia (12) I want to argue that the most important result of this effort, a result toward which the ingenuities of incest, impotence, and homosexuality count only as a series of rehearsals, was the perfection not of racial identity but of what would come to be called cultural identity. (13) If, in other words, the purely American family must be the nonreproductive family, and if the nonreproductive family is the homosexual family, then the purest American is the homosexual. (49) the refusal of procreation is the mark of racial purity; lesbianism, like impotence itself, figures as a technology for producing purity (96)
- Culture: Culture, put forward as a way of preserving the primacy of identity while avoiding the embarrassments of blood, would turn out to be much more effective than incest, impotence, and homosexuality as a way of reconceptualizing and thereby preserving the essential contours of racial identity. (13) The modern concept of culture is not, in other words, a critique of racism; it is a form of racism. And, in fact, as skepticism about the biology of race has increased, it has become--at least among intellectuals--the dominant form of racism. (129) What this produces is not a one-drop rule but a no-drop rule (131)
- Pluralism: The commitment to pluralism--both racial and cultural --should be probably be understood as nativism's most significant and distinct contribution to the technology of racial identity in the United States. Pluralism is, in a sense, built into nativism since the essence of nativism is its preference for the native exclusively on the grounds of its being native. (13-14) This is what it means for the "bedrock" to be "difference"; it is only for the pluralist that identity--the difference of oneself from others (and, as we have already begun to see, of oneself to oneself)--is absolutely crucial since only the pluralist, striving to see the different as neither better nor worse, must like it or dislike it on the basis of its difference alone. (14) Pluralismはessentialismである、racial identityからcultural identityへの移行は実はuniversalismを否定するessentialismの洗練である、と。だからマイケルズは嫌われるのね。Progressive assimilationists (64)は modernismのthe repudiation of assimilationism and Americanization (64)と反対である、と。Pluralism, one might say, essentialized racism (64) From the standpoint of pluralism, the inevitable preference one has for one's own race or culture must in principle be dissociated from a conviction of that culture's superiority since the very notions of superiority and inferiority imply the possibility of common criteria of judgement and thus undermine pluralism's foundational commitment to difference. (107)
- Indians: if identification with the Indians could function at the turn of the century as a refusal of American identity--in effect, as a refusal of American citizenship--it would come to function by the early 1920s as the assertion of an American identity that could be understood as going beyond citizenship. (44)
